INFLUENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF FORMATION ON LIVE WEIGHT OF HEIFERS AND MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS

  • Yu. P. Polupan Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science (Chubynske, Ukraine)
  • V. A. Siriak Institute of animal breeding and genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science (Chubynske, Ukraine)
Keywords: heifers, intensity of formation of live weight, cows, milk productivity, reproductive performance, relative variability, inheritance

Abstract

It is known that the intensity of the formation of repair heifers in some way correlates with the weight gain and their future milk productivity, but contradictory conclusions about the direction and strength of this correlation need to be further studied, this idea was chosen as an aim of our research.

This study was conducted on breeding farm «Terezyne». Data included 861 animals of Holstein, Ukrainian black and white and red and white dairy breeds.

The age dynamics of the body weight of repair heifers is estimated from birth to the age of 18 months at an interval of three months, the average daily gain is estimated in three months intervals (0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15, 15–18) and half-yearly intervals (0–6, 6–12, 12–18). Intensity of formation was evaluated according to Yu. K. Svechin (1979; 1985).

It is established that the value of the index of formation depends on the duration and age of the comparable periods. The higher value of the index acquires in comparison of periods 0–6 and 12–18, 0–6 and 6–12, 0–3 and 9–12 months, the lowest – 6–9 and 9–12. Coefficients of variation for different variants of calculating the index of formation vary in the range from 6.7 to 46.2%, which determines the sufficient possibilities for selection.

Growing of heifers was carried out at a rather high level. Their daily average gain decreased from 740 g (the first three months after birth) to 519 g (15–18 months). The firstborns had an advantage over the standard of Holstein breed in the milk yield, milk fat and milk protein by 53.7–60.1%, Ukrainian black and white dairy breed − 190–198.1%, Ukrainian red and white dairy breed − by 200.9–204.8%.

Due to the correlation analysis, a statistically significant result of correlated variability was found in the most of the studied variants of the index of formation with a body weight of heifers at the age of 18 months, 305 days milk yield of firstborns and the calving interval between the first and second calving. When comparing of periods 0–3 and 3–6, 0–3 and 6–9, 0–3 and 9–12 and 6–12 and 12–18 months, the correlation coefficients have a higher level of statistical probabilities. When comparing of the second and third half-year periods of postnatal development these correlations have a reliable inverse direction.

The inverse correlation between the intensity of formation of body weight and the milk yield of firstborn was noted. Emphasis should be placed on the decrease of the values of the correlation coefficients to the unreliable level in the case of comparing two periods either before or after the intensive maturing of heifers (0–3 and 3–6, 6–9 and 9–12, 6–12 and 12–18 months). The highest statistically significant inverse correlation with the milk yield of firstborns was defined in the cases of comparison of semi-annual periods at the age of 0–6 and 12–18 and 0–6 and 6–12 months and three-month periods − at the age of 3–6 and 9–12 and 0–3 and 9–12 months. There was not find correlation between the intensity of formation of heifers body weight and the calving interval between the first and second calving. Correlation coefficients were low (less than 5%), multidimensional and in all cases insignificant.

In all studied variants, heifers with the fast formation of body weight had significantly higher average daily gain from birth to three and six months and it was lower in the age from nine to fifteen months. The revealed tendency has led to the maximum increasing of advantage of these animals over heifers of the same age with a slow formation of body weight at the age of three (by 1.6–11.4 kg or 1.5–11.6%) and six (by 9.8–17.5 kg or 5.9–9.8%) months with the next decrease of intergroup difference and its practical leveling to insignificant level at the age of 18 months.

By milk yield, milk fat and milk protein of firstborns the significant advantage was marked for in animals with a slow decline in relative growth rate. The most significant this advantage was at the age of 3–6 and 9–12 months (respectively 402; 15.3 and 13.4 kg or 6.4; 6.5 and 6.5%), 0–6 and 12–18 months (381; 13.9 and 12.6 kg or 6.1; 5.9 and 6.1%) and 0–6 and 6–12 months (321; 12.1 and 10.4 kg or 5.1; 5.1 and 5.0%). Thus, taking into account the maximum correlation and the most effective advantage over milk productivity of firstborns, it has been found that the most effective is the selection of heifers with a slow formation of body weight at the ages of 3–6 and 9–12 months.

On the base of one-factor dispersion analysis it was found a significant influence (over 20%) of the father's origin on the variability of most tested indexes of formation at the age of 0–3 and 9–12, 3–6 and 9–12, 0–6 and 12–18 and 0–6 and 6–12 months. The significant influence of father's origin demonstrates the potential effectiveness of the bulls’ selection on a certain characteristics of their daughters.

Conclusions. 1. Heifers with a fast formation of body weight have significantly higher average daily gain from birth to six months and lower average daily gain at the age from nine to fifteen months, which results in the maximum increasing of the advantage of these animals over the heifers of the same age with a slow formation of body weight at age three (by 1.6–11.4 kg or 1.5–11.6%) and six (by 9.8–17.5 kg or 5.9–9.8%) months (P < 0,001).

  1. For the milk yield, fat content and protein content of firstborns a significant advantage, on the contrary, had the animals with a slow formation of body weight. The most significant this advantage was in comparison of relative gains of body weight at the age of 3–6 and 9–12; 0–6 and 12–18; 0–6 and 6–12 months (5.0–6.5%, P< 0.001).
  2. Any tendencies of changes of fat content and protein content, depending on the intensity of the body weight formation of repair heifers and a significant correlation between the formation of live weight and calving interval between the first and second calving was not found.
  3. A high significant level of inheritance (up to 26.3%) gives grounds to expect sufficient results of selection in increasing of milk yield of firstborns by indirect predictive constitutional indicator of the intensity of body weight formation.

References

Boev, M. M., E. I. Bibikova, and N. S. Kolyishkina. 1987. Selektsiya simmentalskogo skota po molochnoy produktivnosti – Selection of Simmental cattle for milk production. Moskow, Agropromizdat, 174 (in Russian).

Borovikov, V. P. 2003. STATISTICA. Iskusstvo analiza dannyih na kompyutere: dlya professionalov – STATISTICA. The art of computer data analysis: for professionals. SPb, 688 (in Russian).

Verbych, I. V. 2011. Formuvannia molochnoi produktyvnosti koriv zalezhno vid tempiv yikh rozvytku v period vyroshchuvannia – Formation of milk production of cows depending on the level of their development during the growing period. Suchasna metodolohiia, rezultaty doslidzhen ta perspektyvy vyrobnytstva: materialy IX konferentsii molodykh vchenykh ta aspirantiv – Modern methodology, research results and production prospects: materials of the IX conference of young scientists and postgraduates. Kyiv, Ahrarna nauka, 17–18 (in Ukrainian).

Hladii, M. V., Yu. P. Polupan, I. V. Bazyshyna, N. L. Polupan, and I. M. Bezrutchenko. 2014. Vplyv pokhodzhennia za batkom i liniinoi nalezhnosti na hospodarsky korysni oznaky koriv – Influence of origin by the father and linear belonging on the economic benefits of cows traits. Visnyk SNAU. Seriia “Tvarynnytstvo” – Bulletin of Sumy national agrarian university. Series “Animal husbandry”. Sumy, 7 (26): 3–11 (in Ukrainian).

Havrylenko, M. S. 1993. Reaktsiia pomisnykh holshtynskykh telyts na rizni rivni hodivli v period yikh vyroshchuvannia – The reaction of the crossbred Holstein heifers at different feeding levels during their growing. Rozvedennia ta shtuchne osimeninnia velykoi rohatoi khudoby – Breeding and artificial insemination of cattle. Kyiv, 25: 55–58 (in Ukrainian).

Hanchev, M. M. and H. P. Bondarenko. 2001. Vzaiemozviazok molochnoi produktyvnosti pervistok riznykh henotypiv z indeksom spadu enerhii rostu u doproduktyvnyi period – Relationship of milk production of firstborns’ of different genotypes with an index of grow declining in the pre-productive period. Naukovo-tekhnichnyi biuleten Instytutu tvarynnytstva – Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Husbandry. Kharkiv, 80: 21–23 (in Ukrainian).

Gill, M. I. and I. A. Halushko. 2014. Osoblyvosti eksterieru koriv holshtynskoi porody zalezhno vid typu formuvannia orhanizmu – Features of the exterior of Holstein breed cows depending on the type of body formation. Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu bioresursiv i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy. Seriia: Tekhnolohiia vyrobnytstva i pererobky produktsii tvarynnytstva. – Scientific bulletin of the National university of life and environmental sciences of Ukraine. Series: Technology of animal husbandry products production and processing. Kyiv, 202: 234–239 (in Ukrainian).

Danylchenko, L. I. 1977. Deiaki osoblyvosti zalezhnosti mizh eksterierom, produktyvnistiu ta rostom tvaryn symentalskoi porody – Some features of the relationship between exteriors, productivity and growth of Simmental breed animals. Visnyk silskohospodarskoi nauky – Bulletin of agricultural science, 1: 56–60 (in Ukrainian).

Denysiuk, O. V. 2015. Vplyv intensyvnosti formuvannia zhyvoi masy na molochnu produktyvnist koriv – Influence of the intensity of the formation of live weight on the milk productivity of cows. – Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn: mizhvidomchyi tematychnyi zbirnyk – Animal breeding and genetics: interdepartmental thematic scientific digest, 49: 80–85 (in Ukrainian).

Eisner, F. F., V. I. Vlasov and A. O. Bohomolova. 1980. Vidbir remontnoho molodniaka v zavodskomu stadi – Selection of repair young animals in the breeding herd. Visnyk silskohospodarskoi nauky – Bulletin of agricultural science, 2: 35–38 (in Ukrainian).

Zabludovskyi, Ye. Ye. and Yu. I. Holubchuk. 2002. Realizatsiia produktyvnoho potentsialu molochnoi khudoby u zviazku z osoblyvostiamy rostu – Realization of productive potential of dairy cattle in connection with specifics of growth. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn: mizhvidomchyi tematychnyi zbirnyk – Animal breeding and genetics: interdepartmental thematic scientific digest. Kyiv, Naukovyi svit, 36: 61–63 (in Ukrainian).

Ivankova, I. P. 2016. Porivnialna otsinka rostu ta rozvytku telyts riznykh pored – Comparative estimation of the growth and development of heifers of different breeds. Praktychni rezultaty ta metodychni aspekty doslidzhen z rozvedennia, henetyky ta biotekhno-lohii u tvarynnytstvi : materialy XIV Vseukrainskoi naukovoi konferentsii molodykh uchenykh ta aspirantiv – Practical results and methodical aspects of research on breeding, genetics and biotechnology in livestock: materials of the XIV All-Ukrainian scientific conference of young scientists and postgraduate students. Chubynske, 30–31 (in Ukrainian).

Karatieieva, O. I. 2012. Porivnialnyi analiz liniinykh promiriv eksterieru koriv riznykh porid zalezhno vid typu intensyvnosti formuvannia yikh orhanizmu – Comparative analysis of linear measurements of the exterior of cows of different breeds depending on the type of intensity of their organism formation. Naukovyi visnyk Luhanskoho NAU. Seriia: “Silskohospodarski nauky” – Scientific bulletin of Lugansk national agrarian university. Series: “Agricultural Sciences”, 36: 194–198 (in Ukrainian).

Kovalenko, V. V. 2015. Formuvannia molochnoi produktyvnosti koriv z riznymy osoblyvostiamy periodu yikh rannoho postnatalnoho ontohenezu – Formation of dairy productivity of cows with different peculiarities of the period of their early postnatal ontogenesis: Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Mykolaiv: Mykolaivskyi NAU (in Ukrainian).

Koval, T. P. 2007. Intensyvnist formuvannia zhyvoi masy telyts ta yii zviazok z produktyvnistiu – The intensity of the formation of live weight of heifers and the connection with productivity. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn: mizhvidomchyi tematychnyi zbirnyk – Animal breeding and genetics: interdepartmental thematic scientific digest. Kyiv, Ahrarna nauka, 41: 93–103 (in Ukrainian).

Kolyishkina, N. S. 1970. Selektsiya molochno-myasnogo skota – Selection of dairy and beef cattle. Moskow: Kolos, 288 (in Russian).

Kondratenko, I. O. 2009. Zhyva masa pry narodzhenni ta podalshyi rozvytok remontnoho molodniaku u molochnomu skotarstvi – Live weight at birth and further development of repair young animals in dairy cattle. Problemy zooinzhenerii ta veterynarnoi medytsyny – Problems of zoinengineering and veterinary medicine. Kharkiv, 18 (1): 75–80 (in Ukrainian).

Korshun, S. I. 2001. Ispolzovanie konstitutsionalnyih osobennostey tiolok dlya rannego prognozirovaniya molochnoy produktivnosti korov – The use of constitutional features of heifers for early prediction of the milk productivity of cows. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Zhodino: Belorusskiy NII zhivotnovodstva AAN Respubliki Belarus (in Russian).

Kotsiubenko, H. A. and O. I. Yulevych 2000. Vplyv intensyvnosti formuvannia mirnykh oznak i zhyvoi masy na molochnu produktyvnist koriv chervonoi stepovoi porody – Influence of the intensity of the formation of measurable traits and live weight on the milk productivity of cows of the red steppe breed. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu – Bulletin of the Bila Tserkva State Agrarian University. Bila Tserkva, 14: 63–66 (in Ukrainian).

Siratskyi, Y., L. Ferents, Ye. Fedorovych and V. Kadysh. 2006. Naimolochnishi korovy rozvyvaiutsia pomirno – Most of dairy cows develop moderately. Tvarynnytstvo Ukrainy – Animal husbandry of Ukraine, 11–12: 18–20 (in Ukrainian).

Pavlova, T. V. 2016. Massovyiy i lineynyiy rost remontnyh tiolok s raznoy doley genotipa po golshtinskoy porode – Mass and linear growth of repair heifers with a different part of the Holstein genotype. Visnik agrarnoi nauki Prichornomor’ya – Bulletin of agrarian science of the Black Sea region. Mykolaiv, 2 (2): 78–87 (in Russian).

Panasiuk, I. M. and O. V. Protsenko. 2004. Produktyvnist molochnoi khudoby zalezhno vid intensyvnosti spadu rostu zhyvoi masy v rannomu ontohenezi – Productivity of dairy cattle depending on the intensity of the decline in the growth of live weight in early ontogeny. Visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho DAU. – Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk state agrarian university. Dnipropetrovsk, 2: 123–127 (in Ukrainian).

Pershuta, V. V. 2013. Otsinka koriv-pervistok za osoblyvostiamy rostu i rozvytku – Evaluation of firstborns cows by features of growth and development. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats VNAU – Collection of scientific works of VNAU. Vinnytsia, 2 (72): 125–131 (in Ukrainian).

Polupan, Yu. P., I. V. Bazyshyna, I. M. Bezrutchenko and N. H. Mykhailenko. 2015. Poiednuvanist buhaiv, linii ta sporidnenykh hrup za pokaznykamy molochnoi produktyvnosti – Combination of bulls, lines and related groups according to dairy productivity traits. Visnyk SNAU. Seriia “Tvarynnytstvo” – Bulletin of Sumy national agrarian university. Series “Animal husbandry”. Sumy, 6 (28): 8–13 (in Ukrainian).

Pikula, O. A. 2011. Typy spadu rostu teliat ukrainskoi chorno-riaboi molochnoi porody ta produktyvnist yikh materiv zalezhno vid umov sukhostiinoho periodu – Types of growth of calves of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed and the productivity of their mothers depending on the conditions of the dry period. Suchasni problemy hihiieny ta sanitarii u tvarynnytstvi: zbirnyk naukovykh prats VNAU. – Modern problems of hygiene and sanitation in livestock: collection of scientific works of Vinnytsia national agrarian university. Vinnytsia, 8 (48): 45–48 (in Ukrainian).

Polupan, Yu. P. 2013. Ontohenetychni ta selektsiini zakonomirnosti formuvannia hospodarsky korysnykh oznak molochnoi khudoby – Ontogenetic and selection lows governing the formation of the economic useful traits of dairy cattle. Doctor’s thesis. Chubynske: Institute of animal dreeding and genetics of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine (in Ukrainian).

Polupan, Yu. P., T. P. Koval and V. A. Siriak. 2018. Otsinka konstytutsionalnykh osoblyvostei khudoby za intensyvnistiu formuvannia zhyvoi masy – Estimation of body build characteristics of cattle based on the intensity of formation of live mass. Selektsiini, henetychni ta biotekhnolohichni metody udoskonalennia i zberezhennia henofondu porid silskohospodarskykh tvaryn – Breeding, genetic and biotechnological methods of improving and preserving the gene pool of breeds of farm animals. M. V. Hladii and Yu. P. Polupan (Ed.). Poltava: TOV «Firma «Tekhservis», (pp. 427–444) (in Ukrainian).

Sheyko, I. P., L. A. Tanana, S. I. Korshun and N. N. Klimov. 2003. Prognozirovanie produktivnosti zhivotnyih po ih konstitutsii – Prediction of animal productivity by their body build. Zootehniya – Zootechny, 10: 18–20 (in Russian).

Svechin, Yu. and L. Dunaev. 1986. Vliyanie intensivnosti formirovaniya tiolok na molochnuyu produktivnost korov – Influence of the intensity of the formation of heifers on the milk productivity of cow. Molochnoe i myasnoe skotovodstvo – Dairy and beef cattle breeding, 6: 45–47 (in Russian).

Svechin, Yu. K. 1968. Konstitutsiya i ontogenez zhivotnyih – Body build and ontogenesis of animals. Zhivotnovodstvo – Livestock, 7: 40–43 (in Russian).

Svechin, Yu. K. and L. I. Dunaev. 1989. Prognozirovanie molochnoy produktivnosti krupnogo rogatogo skota – Prediction of milk productivity of cattle. Zootehniya – Zootechny, 1: 49–53 (in Russian).

Svechin, Yu. K. 1985. Prognozirovanie produktivnosti zhivotnyih v rannem vozraste – Predicting the productivity of animals at an early age. Vestnik selskohozyaystvennoy nauki – Bulletin of agricultural science, 4: 103–108 (in Russian).

Svechin, Yu. K. 1979. Skorospelost zhivotnyih i prognozirovanie ih produktivnosti v rannem vozraste – Early growing of animals and prediction of their productivity at an early age. Zhivotnovodstvo – Livestock, 11: 56–58 (in Russian).

Spivak, M. G., Yu. N. Grigorev and M. D. Dedov. 1979. Sovremennyie metodyi selektsii molochnogo i molochno-myasnogo skota – Modern methods of selection of dairy and double-purpose cattle. Moskow: Rosselhozizdat, 239 (in Russian).

Taranenko, S. V. 2014. Formuvannia produktyvnosti koriv pivdennoho typu ukrainskoi chorno-riaboi molochnoi porody – Formation of productivity of cows of southern type of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed. Naukovyi visnyk “Askaniia-Nova” – Scientific digest “Askania-Nova”, 7: 196–202 (in Ukrainian).

Fedorovych, Ye. I. 2004. Selektsiino-henetychni ta biolohichni osoblyvosti tvaryn zakhidnoho vnutrishnoporodnoho typu ukrainskoi chorno-riaboi molochnoi porody – Selection-genetic and biological features of animals of the western type of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed. Doctor’s thesis. Kyiv (in Ukrainian).

Chernenko, O. I. and Yu. O. Chernenko. 2010. Produktyvnist molochnoi khudoby zalezhno vid spadu enerhii rostu v rannomu ontohenezi – Productivity of dairy cattle depending on the decline of growth energy in early ontogeny. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky Prychornomoria – Bulletin of agrarian science of the Black Sea region. Mykolaiv, 1 (52), t. 2: 101–106 (in Ukrainian).

Shkurko, T. 2006. Biolohichni osoblyvosti koriv ta yikh molochna produktyvnist – Biological features of cows and their milk productivity. Tvarynnytstvo Ukrainy – Animal husbandry of Ukraine, 7: 11–13 (in Ukrainian).

Yansone, M. K. 1986. Vzaimosvyaz pokazateley vyrashchivaniya neteley s produktivnostyu pervotelok – Interrelation of indicators of growing heifers with the productivity of firstborn cows. Trudy Latviyskoy selskokhozyaystvennoy akademii – Proceedings of the Latvian agricultural academy. Riga, 231: 71–74 (in Russian).

Akers, R. M. 2002. Lactation and the Mammary Gland. Iowa State Press. USA, 278.

Beggs, D. and S. Jagoe. 2013. A guide to growing more productive heifers. Dairy Australia, 13.

Hohenboken, W. D., J. Foldager, J. Jensen, P. Madsens and B. B. Andersen. 1995. Breed and nutritional effects and interactions on energy intake, production, and efficiency of nutrient utilization in young bulls, heifers, and lactating cows. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A. – Anim. Sci., 45 (2): 92–103.

Daniels, K. M. 2010. Dairy heifers mammary development. Proceedings of the 19th annual tri-state dairy nutrition conference: 69–76.

Jerkova, A., F. Louda, V. Nova, R. Toušova. 2002. Efektywnosc hodowli roznych uzytkowych typow bydla w jedakowych warynkach technologicznych. Bull. inf. Inst. Zootechn., 40 (2): 147–158.

Hoffman, P. C., N. M. Brehm, S. G. Price and A. Prill-Adams. 1996. Effect of accelerated postpubertal growth and early calving on lactation performance of primiparous Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 79 (11): 2024–2031.

Van Amburgh, M. E., D. E. Galton, D. E. Bauman, R. W. Everett, D. G. L. Fox, E. Chase and H. N. Erb. 1998. Effects of three prepubertal body growth rates on performance of Holstein heifers during first lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 81 (2): 527–538.

Erb, R. E. and U. S. Ashworth. 1981. Relationship between age, body weight and yield of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 44 (3): 39–42.

Heinrichs, A. J. and W. C. Losinger. 1998. Growth of Holstein dairy heifers in the United State. J. Anim. Sci., 76 (5): 1254–1260.

Hoffman, P. C. 1997. Optimum Body Size of Holstein Replacement Heifers. J. Anim. Sci., 75 (3): 836–845.

James, R. E. 2001. Growth Standards and Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Heifers-Weaning to Calving. J. Advances in Dairy Technology, 13: 63–77.

Washington, Ed. Rev. 2001. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. D. S. National Academy Press. 381.

Sieber, M., A. E. Freeman and D. H. Kelley. 1988. Relationships between body weight and productivity in Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 71 (12): 3437–3445.

Published
2019-04-24
How to Cite
Polupan, Y. P., & Siriak, V. A. (2019). INFLUENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF FORMATION ON LIVE WEIGHT OF HEIFERS AND MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS. Animal Breeding and Genetics, 57, 111-125. https://doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.14
Section
Breeding and Selection

Most read articles by the same author(s)